Category: Science Books (Page 46 of 87)

Two Books About Octopuses For Kids

For STEM Friday we have two titles that were recently nominated for Cybils nonfiction awards, both about octopuses.

Octopus-arms(Public domain photograph of octopus arms from Wikimedia)

Octopuses are amazing animals and make fascinating reading. Although they are mollusks, and thus related to slugs and snails, octopuses are quite clever. Some of their other unusual features include:

  • Have the ability to rapidly change color and texture to blend in with their surrounding or startle predators.
  • Have the ability to pass through tiny openings and press themselves into crevices much smaller than themselves.
  • Can drill into shells to extract the food inside.
  • Can also pry shells open with their strong arms.
  • Can produce a cloud of ink and jet away to confuse predators.
  • Can recognize individual humans even if the people are all dressed alike.

Our first book for youngsters is Octopuses!: Strange and Wonderful by Laurence Pringle and illustrated by Meryl Henderson.

A straightforward informational text, Octopuses! gives a wonderful overview of the biology of these fascinating creatures. The author first explains that octopuses are mollusks and discusses some other common mollusks. Then he gives a detailed description of the anatomy of a typical octopus and some of the different kinds. Other topics include what eats octopuses (predators), how they hide by changing colors (camouflage), and what octopuses eat. The author also explains the life cycle in some detail.

Although the text is clear and exceptionally well written, it is the illustrations that really raise the quality of this book. They are colorful, well laid out, and full of drama.

Octopuses! is a wonderful choice for a child interested in ocean creatures or to read to prepare for a trip to an aquarium. It is likely to inspire the next generation of marine biologists!

Age Range: 7 – 9 years
Publisher: Boyds Mills Press (April 7, 2015)
ISBN-10: 1590789288
ISBN-13: 978-1590789285

Our second book for slightly older readers, The Octopus Scientists: Exploring the Mind of a Mollusk (Scientists in the Field Series) by Sy Montgomery and photographs by Keith Ellenbogen, follows four octopus researchers from very different backgrounds as they look for octopuses around the island of Moorea in the Pacific Ocean.

As with the other titles in the Scientists in the Field series, the focus is as much on the scientists who study octopuses as the animals themselves. In the first chapter we meet four scientists  who have devoted their lives to researching these amazing creatures. Canadian Jennifer Mather wanted to study marine biology, but found resistance in what was perceived as a “man’s” field. Instead she became a psychology professor and then applied her studies to octopuses. American David Scheel studied lions for his doctorate degree, but when he couldn’t find a job working with lions, switched to marine biology. Tatiana Leite is a professor of marine ecology in Brazil. Keely Langford works at the Vancouver Aquarium.

The rest of the chapters document their efforts to find and study the local octopuses, while at the same time revealing details of octopus biology. For example, their excellent camouflage skills that protect the octopuses from predators also make them hard for scientists to track down. Often the scientists look for the shells left behind from when the octopuses feed, piles called middens, for clues of their whereabouts.

If you have ever wanted to don a wet suit and search the ocean floor for octopuses, The Octopus Scientists is the book for you. If not, reading it might just make you want to give it a try.

Age Range: 10 – 12 years
Grade Level: 5 – 7
Publisher: HMH Books for Young Readers (May 26, 2015)
ISBN-10: 0544232704
ISBN-13: 978-0544232709

For ideas for related activities, visit our recent ocean science week link list.

ocean-science-week-badge

Interested in learning more about scientists? Try our list of great titles from the Scientists in the Field series at Science books for kids, as well.

Disclosure: The books were provided by my local library. Also, I am an affiliate with Amazon so I can provide you with cover images and links to more information about books and products. As you probably are aware, if you click through the highlighted title link and purchase a product, I will receive a very small commission, at no extra cost to you. Any proceeds help defray the costs of hosting and maintaining this website.

Come visit the STEM Friday blog each week to find more great Science, Technology, Engineering and Math books.

Plant Science: Investigating Flowers

Not all plants have flowers, but those that do are widespread and abundant. Flowers are important because they attract pollinators and are where the seeds develop.

Our post today is inspired by the children’s picture book Flowers Are Calling by Rita Gray and illustrated by Kenard Pak.

With lightly-humorous, rhyming text, the author encourages children to compare kinds of animals that are attracted to flowers and serve as pollinators with animals that are not likely to be pollinators. Is a snake a pollinator? “No, not a snake, for goodness sake!” For a full review of the book see our sister blog, Wrapped in Foil.

As Rita Gray points out, pollinators are attracted to different aspects of the flower such as color, shape, time of opening, and smell. Let’s investigate flower shape and color with a series of activities.

Flower petal number and shape

Some flowers look different from others based on the number of petals they have.

Desert-rosemallow-flower05Simple dicot plants (those with two cotyledons) often have flowers with 5 petals, or petals in multiples of 4 or 5. If you’ve forgotten which flower parts are petals, check the diagram below.

decent-orchid-tree-flower-kyreneHow many petals does this orchid tree flower have?

sorrel-flower-101How about this sorrel flower?

lesquerella-flowersHow many petals does this flower have?

lesquerella-bee-flowerThe lesquerella plant is still a dicot, even though its flowers only have 4 petals.

garlic-chive-flower

Plants like grass, corn, rice, and chives are monocots. They often have flower petals in multiples of 3. This garlic chive has flowers with 6 petals (3 x 2).

common-toadflax-flower-1Sometimes the flower petals are modified into different shapes, however, so it isn’t as easy to count them. Pollinators must push their way into a closed flower like this.

AA-honeybee-going-into-snapdragon-3Check out this honey bee pushing its way into a snapdragon flower.

aster-flower-close-oursSometimes what appears to be a flower is really a cluster of small flowers. Although this aster looks like a single flower, botanically speaking it is a group of flowers. See the recent zinnia flowers and their structures post for more details about this, as well as instructions for a classic flower dissection activity.

Activity 1:  Flower Petal Counting

Go on a walk through a garden or natural area. Check the flowers and count the number of petals for each kind. Older children might want to record the type of flower and number of petals in a notebook. Relate the flower shape to what kind of pollinators visit the plant, using Flowers Are Calling or a similar book as a reference.

Extension:  Press flowers and organize them by number of petals. What patterns do you see?

Activity 2:  Design a novel flower

Using colored pencils or crayons, design a new type of flower. Remember that flowers attract pollinators and produce seeds, so be sure to incorporate the parts of the flower shown below.

Mature_flower_diagram.svg

(“Mature flower diagram” by Mariana Ruiz LadyofHats. Public Domain image at Wikimedia Commons.)

Flower color activities

Whether or not a pollinator is attracted to a specific flower can depend on what color it is. For example bees don’t see red, but birds do. Red flowers are often pollinated by birds.

Activity 3: Changing flower color with food dye

We humans like brightly-colored flowers. In fact, florists may dye white or pale flowers like roses, daisies, Queen Anne’s lace, or carnations to make them more attractive.

This video shows how:

If your flowers don’t change color, the xylem may have been blocked when the stem dried out. Try cutting off the stem to create new openings to the xylem.

Activity 4. Changing flower color with chemistry

Some flowers have pigments that are sensitive to changes in pH.

Gather:

  • Fresh red, blue or purple flowers (deep purple petunias work really well)
  • Jar with a lid big enough to hold a few flowers
  • Twist ties, string or yarn to suspend the flowers
  • Household ammonia
  • Vinegar and a bowl (optional)

Caution:  Ammonia is pretty strong, so this activity will require help and supervision from an adult. Be sure to follow all safety instructions on the product label. Do not mix the ammonia and vinegar together.

Have an adult pour about 1/2-inch ammonia into the bottom of the jar. Wrap a twist tie or tie yarn around the stems of a few flowers, enough that will fit comfortably into the jar. Suspend the flowers upside-down into the jar so that they are close to, but not touching the ammonia. Wrap the yarn or twist tie over the lip of the jar to keep the flowers suspended. Put the lid on the jar as tightly as possible. Leave the flowers in the jar about 15 minutes and then check to see if there are any changes.

Once the flowers have changed color nicely in the ammonia (which is a base) then try to change the color back by removing the flowers from the jar (without touching the ammonia) and dipping them in a bowl of vinegar, which is an acid.

Expected results:  Purple petunias will probably turn bright blue-green or teal in the ammonia, and then back to purple in the vinegar. You can actually dip the flowers into the vinegar because it won’t bleach. If you dip the flowers into the ammonia, however, it may bleach or discolor them, which is why they need to be suspended in the ammonia fumes in the jar instead.

Flower pigment chromatography

Another way to explore the pigments in flower petals is to separate them via chromatography. Scientific American has instructions for using chromatography to investigate flower petal color.

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Our featured book, Flowers Are Calling, has been nominated for a 2015 Cybils award in the Elementary/Middle Grade Nonfiction category.

Age Range: 4 – 7 years
Publisher: HMH Books for Young Readers (March 3, 2015)
ISBN-10: 0544340124
ISBN-13: 978-0544340121

Disclosures: This book was provided by my local library. I am an affiliate with Amazon so I can provide you with cover images and links to more information about books and products. As you probably are aware, if you click through the highlighted title link and purchase a product, I will receive a very small commission, at not extra cost to you. Any proceeds help defray the costs of hosting and maintaining this website.


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Plant-Science-Lessons

To see our complete plant science lessons, either visit the plant science category (newest posts to oldest posts) or the plant science section of our experiment archive page (links to posts in order).

Looking for books about plants for children? Be sure to visit our growing list of gardening and plant science books for kids, as well as our list of children’s books about seeds.

For more activities, try our Gardening/Plant Science for Kids Pinterest board.

Studying Ants: Science Activities for Kids

As some of you might know, I studied ants for my M.S. degree. When I heard the new middle grade realistic fiction book The Nora Notebooks, Book 1: The Trouble with Ants by Claudia Mills and illustrated by Katie Kath was about a 10-year-old girl who is passionate about ants, I knew I had to pick it up.

(Affiliate link)

It was even better than I hoped. Fourth grader Nora keeps an ant farm. She also records fascinating facts about ants in a journal, with quotes sprinkled throughout the book. She even does a simple experiment with ants and writes a paper about it. If that was all the book was about it would be good, but author Claudia Mills takes it to the next level by including many layers of story. For more details and a full review, see our sister blog, Wrapped in Foil.

Activity 1. How many species of ants?

Often when you read a book about ants, you will see the number of species listed as a fact. Depending on the book, however, the number can vary considerably. Why is that?

Generally, the number of ant species will be different depending on how recently the book is published. Ant scientists (or myrmecologists) are discovering and describing new species all the time and expect the final number to reach upwards of 30,000 species when all potential species have been discovered.

Another reason the number of ant species changes is because scientists who study the classification of ants sometimes realize ants are related in ways that were not previously recognized. When that happens, species can be renamed, grouped with other species, or sometimes one species may be split into two.

woodant-M(Public domain photograph of a wood ant by Alex Wild)

So, how many ant species are there? One place to find out the current number is a collaborative website like AntWeb which lists the number of species of ants on its homepage as 15,957 as of today (October 9, 2015).

Try to find out how many ant species there are in your area. Antmaps.org is a fun resource to help you. With the map in the “Diversity View,” I clicked on Arizona and found there are 353 native species here. That’s a lot of different kinds of ants! Suggestion:  Draw your own infographic map of ant species in your area and find out what some of those species are using the global and regional resources at AntWeb.

Why should we care how many species there are and where they are found? One reason is that it can be helpful to know if new, alien species are coming in. Exotic or alien species often crowd out native species and become pests because they have left their natural enemies behind. We also should know whether species are dying out so we can take steps to prevent their loss.

ant-drawing-activityCheck the ant anatomy activity from a previous post for a detailed explanation of the special anatomical terms used for ants.

And don’t forget, if you know a budding myrmecologist, be sure to introduce them to The Trouble With Ants.

Related:

Age Range: 7 – 10 years
Hardcover: 176 pages
Publisher: Knopf Books for Young Readers (September 22, 2015)
ISBN-10: 0385391617
ISBN-13: 978-0385391610

Disclosures: This book was provided by the publisher for review purposes. I am an affiliate with Amazon so I can provide you with cover images and links to more information about books and products. As you probably are aware, if you click through the highlighted title link and purchase a product, I will receive a very small commission, at not extra cost to you. Any proceeds help defray the costs of hosting and maintaining this website.

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