Tag: Meet a Scientist (Page 3 of 5)

Meet a Scientist Monday: Dr. Victor Ruiz-Velasco

Do you know what a neurophysiologist does? Let’s find out by asking Dr. Victor Ruiz-Velasco.

1. What is a neurophysiologist?

A neurophysiologist studies the chemical and physical processes of the nervous system: the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves throughout the body.

2. How did you decide to become a neurophysiologist?

I wanted to be a veterinarian. Once I was taking pre-vet courses in college, however, I realized that only very few people actually can make it into veterinary schools. I liked the physiology courses I had taken, so I moved into that area.

3. How did you become a neurophysiologist?

I went to graduate school after college. I got a Master’s of Science degree and then a Doctor of Philosophy degree.

4. Where do you work?

I work at the Penn State University College of Medicine as an Assistant Professor.

I just got a promotion to Associate Professor, which will take effect in July.

5. What do you do?

I actually have four or five projects going at any one time. Because what I do is specialized and technical, it can be hard to explain in general terms. Overall, I look at how natural chemicals in the body, such as endorphins and enkephalins, regulate the nervous system. Basically these chemicals bind to places on the nerve cell called “receptors,” and change how the nerve cell works. The chemicals I work with block the movement of calcium and sodium, which reduce nerve transmissions and therefore lessen the sensation of pain.

6. What do you do on a day-to-day basis?

One of the procedures I do regularly is to inject pieces of DNA into individual cells. I link the DNA I am interested in studying to a bit of DNA that codes for a protein that glows fluorescent green. If the DNA I inject is incorporated into the cell correctly, after a short time the cells will glow and I can select those cells for further experiments. I then measure the cell response using a technique called “patch-clamping.”

7. There is a stereotype that scientists wear lab coats. Do you wear a lab coat?

No, I never wear a lab coat. I do have to wear a special disposable outfit when I work with the mice and rats.

8. Any advice for students considering neurophysiology as a career?

I think science is a challenging and demanding field, and requires long hours of hard work. You have to be dedicated to succeed.

For more educational information on neurobiology, and particularly the brain, look for Brain Awareness Week activities sponsored by the Society for Neuroscience at http://www.sfn.org/baw/

Edit: Another good site is Neuroscience for Kids

Meet a Scientist Monday: Dr. Minda Weldon, Epidemiologist

When I started Meet a Scientist Monday, I knew there was one person we just had to include because her work was so extremely interesting. Today we hear from Dr. Minda Weldon, who is an epidemiologist.

1. What is an epidemiologist?

Most people know that epidemiologists study outbreaks of infectious diseases (there are lots of epidemiologists scrambling to study swine flu right now!), but they do a lot more, too. Epidemiologists study cancer, birth defects, exposure to possible environmental toxins, injuries, food poisoning and much more. Some epidemiologists specialize in doing studies to see if new medicines really work. Most hospitals employ an epidemiologist to make sure that infections are not accidentally spread among patients. Lots of epidemiologists are also trained as medical doctors, veterinarians, nurses, and dentists. While a medical doctor’s patient is one person, an epidemiologist’s “patient” is a whole population. Sometimes it is really hard to tell what has made someone sick, so epidemiologists collect information from lots and lots of people (sometimes thousands and thousands) to get answers.

2. How did you decide to become an epidemiologist?

I first became interested in epidemiology when I was in high school. When I was sixteen years old, I had the wonderful opportunity to volunteer with a public health and youth development organization called Amigos de las Americas. I lived in a rural village in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico, and my job was to teach the locals why it was it was important to use and build latrines, and to teach mothers how to care for people suffering from diarrhea. Most people in the United States get diarrhea once in a while and consider it uncomfortable and inconvenient. Where I worked in Mexico, diarrhea was frequent and could be life threatening, especially for babies and young children. Flies landed on animal and human “droppings” and then landed on food, transmitting diseases. Clean water was not available for cooking or hand washing. It was pretty easy to figure out how diseases were being spread. In my first week in the village, my host family’s malnourished baby came very, very close to dying as a consequence of severe diarrhea and dehydration.

Later, when I was nineteen, I worked with the same organization on a rabies eradication program in Ecuador. I worked with Ecuadorian veterinarians and doctors. I still remember the map with red-topped pins noting each reported case of rabies. I saw how the epidemiologists studied the spread of the disease and determined which areas needed the vaccine the most. Because of this careful study and planning the number of cases of rabies (in humans and animals) plummeted. I decided I wanted to be an epidemiologist.

3. How did you become an epidemiologist?

I received a PhD in epidemiology of the University of California at Davis. After I finished my bachelor’s degree (in four years), it took me almost four more years to get my PhD. I studied lots of different things including biology, chemistry, and lots of statistics. I also worked closely with a professor to do a research study about how different diseases affect the ability of older people to live independently.

4. What was your most exciting job?

After I got my PhD, I spent two years as an Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) officer for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It was a very exciting job! EIS officers investigate disease outbreaks all over the world. EIS officers were some of the first scientists to investigate HIV and ebola and toxic shock syndrome.

One of my investigations was of an unusual case of mercury poisoning. It turned out that a popular Mexican beauty cream contained high levels of mercury. People loved the cream because it got rid of their acne (mercury can be a good antibacterial) but they didn’t know that it was also poisoning them! Some of the people who used the cream had strange health problems but they had no idea that the problems were being caused by a beauty cream. After the investigation, the company stopped making the cream.

5. What did you do on a day-to-day basis?

As an epidemiologist, I spent a lot of time at the computer analyzing data and then writing reports and medical journal articles. I also interviewed people and collected information on surveys. Sometimes I had to draw blood. I toured a greenhouse full of poinsettias to try to figure out how workers had been sickened by a pesticide. I went to waste water treatment facilities to get a feel for how much exposure workers had to untreated sewage (a lot!) so that I could design a study to see if workers would benefit from a new vaccine. You see, I was always doing something new.

Wow, Dr. Weldon’s job sounds difficult, but also very rewarding. An epidemiologist saves people’s lives. After reading her answers, are you interested in becoming an epidemiologist? If so, you will need to work hard on math and science.

Resources for more information, provided by Dr. Weldon:

This link has various information about epidemiology, much of which is geared to teachers.
http://www.cdc.gov/excite/index.htm

This link has some fun games about epidemiology and germs
http://medmyst.rice.edu/

A Science Friday (National Public Radio) Kids’ Connection about John Snow, the father of epidemiology
http://www.kidsnet.org/sfkc/sfkc20040924-2.html#links

A link to the organization I volunteered with when I was in high school and college
http://www.amigoslink.org/

Meet a Scientist Monday: Dr. Philip Christensen

Dr. Philip Christensen, professor of planetary geology at Arizona State University, carries a piece of Mars with him. Actually, it is a bit of a meteorite from Mars that was found in Africa, but to him it is still a bit of Mars. You can hear the excitement in his voice when he shares it with children. “The next time you look into the sky and see Mars, remember you held a part of it,” he says.

Dr. Christensen’s interest in Mars started when he was a child. He reports that he talked his mom into letting him stay home from school (when he was in sixth grade) to watch the first images of Mars coming from the Mariner 4 spacecraft on TV.  Later, he went to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and remembers seeing the Surveyor spacecraft that eventually landed on the moon. Although he remained intensely interested in Mars, he admits it never occurred to him that people actually got jobs studying Mars. It wasn’t until he was a senior college student at UCLA, and working on a project with Mariner 9 images of Mars, did he realize that he could become a scientist and study Mars as a career.

Dr. Christensen and his team at Arizona State University were responsible for developing THEMIS (thermal emission imaging system) cameras that were on Mars Odyssey. He is also Co-investigator on the Mars Exploration Rover missions, and built the TES (Thermal Emission Spectrometer) carried on the Mars Global Surveyor. Part of his research is looking for evidence of water in the minerals and rocks of Mars.

You may wonder, does Dr. Christensen wear a laboratory coat for this work? No, but he does have to wear a special white suit that covers his entire body when he builds his cameras to prevent contaminating the sensitive equipment.

Hearing Dr. Christensen speak recently, he definitely wants children to know what it took him so long to discover, that anyone can become a scientist. He also wants them to know that science is fun. “We build things and send them to Mars. It’s a fun job.”

Because of Dr. Christensen’s commitment to outreach for children, he has been active in a number of educational programs. Here are links to a few.

The Mars Student Imaging Project allows teams of students from fifth grade and up to participate in authentic Mars imaging research.

Passport to Knowledge has a number of awesome Hands-On Activities, including egg drop projects to simulate Mars landings, rocket science 101, and activities to build your own Mars Rovers from junk.

Rock Around the World allows children to send a rock to ASU to be analyzed (as described in a recent post in this blog).

If you would like to see pictures of Dr. Christensen and learn more, the Phil Christensen Biography is a good starting place.

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